Thermoregulation

REPORT LAB WORK OF NATURAL SCIENCE 1

THERMOREGULATION

Disusun Oleh :

1.      Rindy Prasetyo                  (12315244012)

2.      Yuliana                              (12315244015)

3.      Hesty Yunianti                    (12315244016)

4.      Sinta Aulia Devi Maharani              (12315244021)

International Natural Science Education

Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science

Yogyakarta State University

2013

Thermoregulation

A.    Objective

1)      Measuring the temperature of the body in some external condition

2)      Literature study stability mechanism of the human body temperature.

3)      Observation of the various ways animals maintain body temperature

B.     Background

The most frequent measurement is the measurement of temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. As an indicator of health status, these measures indicate the effectiveness of circulation, respiration, neural and endocrine function body. Very important because it is called sign vital. Many factors such as environmental temperature, physical exercise, and the ill effects that cause changes in vital signs, sometimes beyond normal limits. Human body temperature tends to fluctuate at any time. To maintain the temperature of the human body in a state of constant, necessary regulation of body temperature. Human body temperature regulated by a feedback mechanism (feedback), played by temperature regulation center in the hypothalamus.

Animal Temperature effect on the environment, the animals were divided into two groups, namely Poikiloterm and Homoiterm . Poikiloterm body temperature is influenced by the environment. Inner body temperature higher than the temperature outside. Animals like this are also called cold-blooded animals. Poikiloterm is included in the nation's Fish, Reptiles and Amphibians. And animals’ homoiterm often called warm-blooded animals because it can maintain its body temperature. Animals are included in national homoiterm Aves and Mammals.

Body temperature depends on the balance of the balance between heat produced or absorbed by the heat loss. Heat loss can take place in radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation is the transfer of electromagnetic energy, does not require a medium to propagate at the speed of light. Conduction is the direct transfer of heat between two solid materials that relate directly without any heat transfer molecule. The heat radiating from the high temperature gets that has a lower temperature. Convection is a heat propagation through a liquid or gas flow. The amount of convection depends on the contact and the vast differences in temperature. Evaporation is a convection of the liquid into a vapor, the magnitude of the rate of convection heat loss due to evaporation.

C.    Literary Review

Energy transfer processes in the body that causes heat transfer. Body temperature regulation (thermoregulation), body fluid regulation, and excretion are elements of homeostasis, particularly in Humans. In thermoregulation, exothermic and endothermic known terms are based on the heat source obtained by the body. Humans get heat source coming from within the body so called endothermic. Temperature of the human body has the ability to maintain a constant 370 is regulated by the hypothalamus and is Able to adapt to changes in environmental temperature. When the ambient temperature is cold, then the body is through the mechanism of increased metabolic rate changes in hormones that are involved in it so that the resulting optimal heat production when the ambient temperature while hot, then the body is through the mechanism of reduction of heat production processes in order to awake the body discharge the balance temperature endothermic. Control the balance of temperature on the human body do with the balance between heat production and heat loss. Generally, when the rate of heat produced in the body than the heat loss, heat accumulates in the body and increases the body temperature

Thermoregulation is a physiological process that is the integration and coordination of activities that are actively used to maintain core body temperature against cold or warm temperature change (Myers, 1984). Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation), body fluid regulation, and excretion are elements of homeostasis. In thermoregulation known the cold-blooded (cold-blood animals) and warm-blooded animals (warm-blood animals). However, experts prefer to use the term biology ektoterm and endothermic heat associated with the body's main source of animal. Ectoderms animal body heat is coming from the environment (heat absorbing environment). Animal's body temperature tends fluktuation ektoterm, depending on the ambient temperature. Animals in this group are members of invertebrates, fish, amphibian, and reptile. While endothermic animals body heat is derived from the metabolism. The animal's body temperature is more constant. Endothermic common in the group of birds (Aves) and mammals.

The most frequent measurement is the measurement of temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. As an indicator of health status, these measures indicate the effectiveness of circulation, respiration, neural and endocrine function body. Very important because it is called vital. Many factors such as environmental temperature, physical exercise, and the ill effects that cause changes in vital signs, sometimes beyond normal limits. Human body temperature tends to fluctuate at any time.

To maintain the temperature of the human body in a state of constant, necessary regulation of body temperature. Human body temperature regulated by a feedback mechanism ( feedback ) , played by temperature regulation center in the hypothalamus .Animal Temperature effect on the environment , the animals were divided into two groups , namely Poikilothermic and Homoiterm . Poikilothermic body temperature is influenced by the environment. Inner body temperature higher than the temperature outside. Animals like this are also called cold-blooded animals. Poikilothermic is included in the nation's Fish, Reptiles and Amphibians. And animal’s homoiterm often called warm-blooded animals because it can maintain its body temperature. Animals are included in national homoiterm Aves and Mammals .Body temperature depends on the balance of the balance between heat produced or absorbed by the heat loss. Heat loss can take place in radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation is the transfer of electromagnetic energy, does not require a medium to propagate at the speed of light. Conduction is the direct transfer of heat between two solid materials that relate directly without any heat transfer molecule. The heat radiating from the high temperature gets that has a lower temperature. Convection is a heat propagation through a liquid or gas flow. The amount of convection depends on the contact and the vast differences in temperature. Evaporation is a convection of the liquid into a vapor, the magnitude of the rate of convection heat loss due to evaporation

Thermoregulation in Humans.

Human thermoregulation centered on the anterior hypothalamus, there are three components making up the system controller or heat settings, namely termoreseptor, hypothalamus , and efferent nerves and thermoregulation can maintain body temperature , the temperature - specific constant temperature is usually higher than the surrounding environment. Body temperature regulation mechanism is a combination of the functions of organs interconnected . regulation of body temperature in mammals, there are two types of temperature control sensors, heat sensors and sensor cool different places on the network around (outside receivers) and core network (receiver inside) of the  body. Dari both types of sensors, the signals received directly transmitted to the central nervous system and then sent to the motor neurons that regulate heat expenditure and heat production to proceed to the heart, the lungs and the whole body. Once that happen the feedback, which signals, received back by the sensor heat and cold sensors through the bloodstream. Most heat is lost through the process of radiation, evaporation of sweat cooling body. Trough role in maintaining body temperature to remain constant. And modification of the circulatory system in the skin. Contraction blood vessels in the skin and countercurrent heat exchange is one way to reduce the loss of body heath man wearing is one of the unique behavior in thermoregulation. Human body temperature tends to fluctuate at any time. Many factors could cause fluctuations in body temperature. To maintain the temperature of the human body in a state of constant, necessary regulation of body temperature.

Human body temperature regulated by a feedback mechanism (feedback), played by temperature regulation center in the hypothalamus. If the temperature of the center of the hypothalamus detects body temperature is too hot, the body will conduct a feedback mechanism. This feedback mechanism occurs when the core body temperature has been over the limit of tolerance for maintaining body temperature, which is called a fixed point (set point). Fixed point so that the body is maintained at a constant core body temperature of 37 ° C. when the body temperature rises over a fixed point , the hypothalamus will be stimulated to undertake a series of mechanisms to maintain temperature by reducing heat production and increase the heat so that the temperature back spending on fixed point . Our bodies are equipped with various advanced system settings, including the regulation of body temperature. Humans have the central regulation of body temperature (thermostat) , located in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus . The body temperature regulation center peg our body temperature at one point called the set point .The hypothalamus duty to always maintain a constant body temperature, ranging at 37 ° C. That’s why, wherever humans are, at the poles or in the desert, the body temperature stable should always be pursued, so that the man referred to as being able to adapt. Hypothalamic thermostat works on intake of nerve endings and the temperature of the blood circulating in the body. Hypothalamus in the cold will make the program so that the body is not cold, by raising the set point raise the body temperature. How to contract the blood vessels, body shiver and look pale. While in the hot air, of course, must hypothalamus lowers body temperature to prevent heatstroke. You do this by removing heat through evaporation. Blood vessels dilate, breathing becomes more rapid. Therefore, at the time of the heat, in addition to sweating, we also looked reddish skin (flushing).

Organ Regulatory Body Temperature.

a)      Heat regulating center in the body is the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus known as the thermostat is located under the brain.

b)      Anterior hypothalamus regulates heat dissipation.

c)      Posterior hypothalamus regulates heat retention efforts.

d)     Mechanism of temperature regulation

e)      Skin -> Receptor ferifer -> hypothalamus (posterior and anterior) -> Preoptika hypothalamus -> Nerve efferent -> loss / heat generation

Factors Affecting Body Temperature:

1.      Basal metabolic rate.

Basal metabolic rate of each individual is different. It impacts the amount of heat produced by the body to be different. As mentioned in the previous description, it is related to the rate of metabolism.

2.      Sympathetic nerve stimulation,

Sympathetic nerve stimulation can cause the metabolic rate to 100% faster. In addition, sympathetic nerve stimulation can prevent brown fat that accumulate in tissues to be metabolized. Almost all brown fat metabolism is the production of heat. Generally, the sympathetic nerve stimulation affected individuals stress causes increased production of epinephrine and norepinephrine that increase metabolism.

3.      Growth hormone.

Growth hormone (growth hormone) may cause an increase in metabolic rate by 15-20%. As a result, the body's heat production also increased.

4.      Thyroid hormone

Function of thyroxin is increased activity of almost all chemical reactions in the body so that the increased levels of thyroxin can affect the rate of metabolism to be 50-100% higher than normal.

5.      Sex hormone

Male sex hormones can increase the basal metabolic rate of approximately 10-15% normal speed, causing an increase in heat production. In women, temperature fluctuations are more varied than in men because the hormone progesterone spending to ovulation increases body temperature approximately from 0.3 to 0.6 ° C above the basal temperature.

6.      Fever (inflammation) the process of inflammation and fever may lead to increased metabolism by 120% for each increase in temperature of 10 ° C.

7.      Nutritional status.

Malnutrition is long enough to lower the metabolic rate of 20-30%. This happens because the cells no nutrients needed to conduct metabolism. Thus, people who are prone to mal nutrition drop in body temperature (hypothermia). In addition, individuals with a thick layer of fat are less likely to develop hypothermia because fat is a pretty good insulator, in the sense of delivering hot fat with the speed of the other one-third the speed of the network.

8.      Activity
Activity in addition to stimulating an increase in metabolic rate, resulting in friction between the components of the muscle / organ that produces thermal energy. Exercise (activity) can increase body temperature up to 38.3 to 40.0 ° C.

9.      Organ disorders.

Organ damage such as trauma or malignancy in the hypothalamus, can cause the body's temperature regulation mechanisms impaired. Pyrogen substances released on infection can stimulate an increase in body temperature. Skin disorders such as number of sweat glands which can also lead to impaired body temperature regulation mechanism.

10.  Environment
the body temperature can rapidly exchange with the environment, meaning that the body heat can be lost or impaired due to a cooler environment. Vice versa, the environment can affect the temperature of the human body. Temperature displacement between humans and the environment occur mostly through the skin.

The process of heat loss through the skin is possible because of the heat transported through the blood vessels and also supplied directly to the small arteries fleksus through arteriovenous anastomoses which contains a lot of muscle. Velocity flow in arteriovenous fleksus high enough (sometimes reaching 30% of total cardiac output) will cause the heat conduction from the body core to the skin to be very efficient. Thus, the skin is an effective heat radiator to balance body temperature.

Thermoregulation is owned by the ability of animals to maintain body heat. Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation), body fluid regulation, and excretion are elements of homeostasis. In thermoregulation known the cold-blooded (cold - blood animals ) and warm-blooded animals (warm - blood animals ). However, experts prefer to use the term biology ektoterm and endothermic heat associated with the body's main source of animal. Ektoterm animals are animals that are highly dependent on the temperature in the external environment to raise their body temperature due to the heat generated from the metabolism of the whole system just a few examples of fish and amphibians. Whereas endothermic animals , are animals whose body heat from the heat production in the body , which is a byproduct of the metabolism of bird and mammal tissue samples. Adaptation measures exothermic animals face a very high temperature by increasing the rate of cooling by evaporation through the skin, for the animals whose skins are moist or sweaty way for animals that have sweat glands and through the respiratory tract, the animal whose skin is thick and waterproof, and change metabolic machinery to work at high temperatures . Conversely how animal adaptations exothermic at very cold temperatures is to increase the solute into the liquid body to increase the osmotic concentration and add anti-freeze protein in the fluid body. Though way endothermic animals to anticipate the effect of cold stress gradient Thermal Reduction (T1 - T2) , decrease Conductation thermic ( C ) , decrease heat through evaporation and increase thermogenesis . In contrast to the hot environment, endothermic animals will decrease and increase thermogenesis thermolysis. Endothermic animals in response to variations in temperature in anticipation of the new environment is to acclimatize and eventually homeoterm. Animal groups in the face of environmental temperature changes tend to maintain their body temperature by increasing the adaptation or adjustment to the environment.

There are also maintaining their body temperature because homeoterm group has the ability to control body temperature physiology , so animals homeoterm have a higher rate of adaptation than the animal group of animals belonging poikiloterm example exothermic i.e salmon ( 22^o C ) , fish saumon ( 18^o C ) , Crapaud Boreas bufo ( 27^o C ) , alligator ( crocodile ) ( 32-35^o C ) , iguana 38^o C ) , lezard anolois sp ( 30-33^o C ) , and house fly larvae ( 30-37^o C) . Body temperature is a balance between heat gain from the (metabolic) or outside with heat loss. To deal with very bad weather (too cold or too hot) animals need to conserve energy by hibernation or estivasi. The animals were able to maintain their body temperature is called homeoterm , while unable keep called poikiloterm body temperature.

Effect of temperature on the environment , the animals were divided into two groups , namely

-          poikiloter.
Poikiloterm body temperature is influenced by the environment. Inner body temperature higher than the temperature outside. Animals like this are also called cold-blooded animals.

-          homoiterm
Homoiterm often called warm-blooded animals. In animals homoiterm more stable temperature, this is due to receptors in the brain that can regulate body temperature. Homoiterm animals can do activities at different ambient temperatures result from the body's ability to regulate temperature. Homoiterm animals had normal temperature variations are influenced by age, gender factors , environmental factors , factors long- time day and night , consumed dietary factors and factors of water saturated digestion .
Warm-blooded animals are animals that can maintain body temperature , the temperature

Specific constant temperature is usually higher than the surrounding environment. Most heat is lost through the process of radiation, the sweat cooling off. Through evaporation serves to keep the body temperature to remain constant. Examples of warm-blooded animals is the nation's birds and mammals. Cold-blooded animals are animal body temperature is approximately equal to the temperature of the surrounding environment. Body temperature depends on the balance of the balance between heat produced or absorbed by the heat loss.

Although the specific type of bacteria can survive in hot springs where temperatures reached 70 ° C, most of the organisms and it is definitely all kinds of mammals (mammals) of his life confined to an environment that allows its body temperature remains below 40°   C. Similarly, animals must be able to maintain its body temperature so as not to decrease to well below the freezing point of water. This is related to the fact that the rate of chemical reactions influence by temperature. Thus, the biochemical processes that take place in the body of the animal will also be influenced by temperature and because it takes place on a limited basis. The rate of most chemical reactions speed will double with every 10 ° C increase in temperature.

A large number of biochemical compounds, and its main protein, become unstable because of the heat. The compounds are chemically changed since exposure (exposed) with a temperature of 40 - 41oC or more. The changes on the next turn will affect the role of these compounds in the physiological processes that take place in the body. For example, an increase in temperature will cause a chemical change (denaturation) protein is an enzyme so that the enzyme becomes inactive.  Furthermore, the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes cannot take place with the fitting.

Instead, because of exposure to the ambient temperature is very cold, ice crystal formation in tissues in general can damage the cell membrane and this in the next turn can lead to death. Thus, although the animal is able to remain alive in the body up to 40oC temperature range, they would gain if the chemical can maintain its body temperature close to the upper limit of the range of temperatures that can tolerate because biochemical processes take place at the perfect temperature.

Temperature of most of the water bodies are within the acceptable range of living creatures. However, the air temperature fluctuated or is in a very wide range. Therefore, efforts to maintain the body temperature is within the normal range (thermoregulation) is much more important to organisms that live on land rather than water organisms.

Animal heat gain through:

a.       metabolic activity ( energy production ) which took place in his body and

b.      By absorbing heat from the environment. In fact, when the surrounding environment (eg, ambient air ) cooler than the body's tissues or animals , these creatures still also can absorb solar radiation energy. In contrast, animals can lose body heat through: conduction, convection, radiation, or evaporation (evaporation of water). Detailed description of each of the body's way of heat loss will be given at the next opportunity.

Heat loss is important in the aquatic environment through conduction. However, the air environment, conduction is not important because the air is a conductor or a bad conductor of heat. In fact, the air is actually an insulator or a good heat protector. Heat loss through convection, radiation and evaporation are important in the environmental air.

D.    Tools, Object and Materials

Activity 1

Tools        : thermometer, Stationery, stopwatch

Object      : human body

Activity 2

Tools        : Laptop, Stationery

Materials  : Video

E.     Procedure

Activity 1

1.    Measuring the temperature of human body when in some external temperature

2.    Before use, shake shaking mercury thermometer until the water reaches the lowest line at about 350C. then clean with a cotton tip of the thermometer.

3.    Put the thermometer in the armpit and silence for 5 minutes.

4.     After that, the scale reading thermometer that shows the temperature of your body and recorded on a data sheet that has been provided (Table Observations.

5.    After use cleaning the back end of the thermometer with cotton.

6.    Measuring also some body temperature after doing various activities such as the following:
a. When the condition is hot

b.    When the condition is cold

c.    When doing some activities (walking, calisthenics, jump rote, and enjoying condition )

7.    Writing all of data in the book

Activity 2

1.    Searching the video of animal (fish, amphibian, reptiles, elephant, penguin)

2.    Observing the animal behavioral

3.    Writing the animal behavioral

F.     Data of the result

Activity 1

No	Name	High (cm)	Weight (kg)	Age (yearold)	Hot weather (0C)	Cold weather (0C)	Activity
							Walking (0C)	Jump rope (0C)	Calisthe-nics (0C)	At rest / relax (0C)
1.	Rindi	169	55	19	36.5	35.2	36	37	36.5	36.4
2.	Hesty	154	42	18	35.5	35.2	35.4	35.5	35.3	35.6
3.	Fitra	179	55	20	36.6	36.6	37	37.2	37.4	36.9
4.	Biyan	156	45	19	36.4	36	35.6	35.3	35	36.1

G.    Discussion

In this practicum we had done 2 activities. The goal of this practicum are measuring the temperature of the body in some external condition, literature study stability mechanism of the human body temperature, observation of the various ways animals maintain body temperature.

In the lab that has done this, talk about setting the temperature endothermic. As we know that in the body of the energy transfer process that causes the occurrence Occurs heat transfer. This Occurs heat transfer needs to be regulated, therefore there on body temperature regulation mechanism (thermoregulation). Heat regulating center in the body is the hypothalamus. Also known as the hypothalamic thermostat is located under the brain. Hypothalamus Regulate the temperature of the human body can be maintained constant 37⁰ and Able to adapt to changes in environmental temperature. When a cold environment, the body did increase the rate of metabolism through the mechanism changes the hormones involved in it so that the resulting optimal heat production. Meanwhile, when the ambient temperature is hot, then the body's heat production excitatory discriminate mechanism discharge through the body to balance the temperature endothermic awake. The most important thing is regulated by the NII hypothalamus behind the body, such as vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels. In the experiment, the body temperature measured at the axilla (armpit) with different treatment that is when we wake up in the morning, standing in the hot weather, exercise, jump rope, sitting and exercising. Of the measurements that have been done this, Obtained measurement results as shown in the data is the lab results. On the data above, it appears that the measurement at the time we got up early that lower body temperature than other measurements. On the measurement of body temperature during sleep and wake up when going to bed can be seen differences in both measurements. Theoretically waking temperature is lower than when he went to sleep and the other, this is because the temperature of the body in a state of basal or resting. Basal temperature is lower than the temperature during the move. When active, the temperature rise due to activity stimulates increased metabolic rate, but it resulted in the movement of muscles or organs between components that generate thermal energy. Physical exercise (activity) can increase body temperature up to 38.3 to 40⁰C. However, the results we get, there are some that have practical waking temperature is not low compared to other activities, it can be caused by the environment or the measurement accuracy in measurement. Meanwhile, the measurement of body temperature while relaxing having different results when exercising. Difference in results is due to increased activity of the body after exercise followed by changes in metabolic rate. Regulation of body temperature in hot conditions or circumstances after the addition of exercise causes the body surface blood flow and maximum blood flow occurs in the limbs. In addition to the activity after exercise causes us to sweat so usually at temperatures above 34⁰C, insufficient heat circulation arrangement with radiation, which in this condition the body gets hot from radiation. Thermal mechanism used in this state by evaporation (evaporation). Contraction movements of sweat glands, function periodically pumping liquid droplets of sweat from the skin surface of the lumen is the most effective cooling mechanism. On the measurement of body temperature in the morning when Yor have different results with body temperature during the day. This difference is influenced by the temperature of the environment where there is a difference between the ambient temperature in the morning and afternoon as well as the air temperature between day and morning. . From the overall results obtained shows that the temperature of the body can be affected by the activities of the body itself and the ambient temperature.

In experiments measuring the body temperature in a range of external conditions, in addition to hot and cold weather we took the 4 kinds of activity. Among them is the usual way that is done for 10 minutes, jumping rope is performed for 3 minutes, done gymnastics for 30 minutes, and the latter in a state of rest or do not do anything that we do for 15 minutes. We perform temperature measurements on the same day ie Friday and Saturday. On Friday we only measure body temperature in hot weather for the day at 13.00 and Saturday we did the measurement in body temperature during cold weather at 03.00 pm, the usual way at 06.00 pm, gymnastics at 06.30 pm, and jumping rope at 07.30 am. In this experiment we measure the temperature at the same time and day, with different places. Rindi is located in the city of Yogyakarta with the hot weather, Hesty which is located in Magelang with about cold weather, fitra which is housed in Imogiri with around fairly cold weather, and the dewi is housed in Kulon Progo fairly well with the cold weather is apparently the place also affect with changes in temperature. From the above data can be generated temperature measurements as follows: temperature in hot weather Rindi 36.5 0C, 35.2 0C in cold weather, the activity of the normal 36 0C, jump rope 37 0C, gymnastics 36.5 0C and idle 36.4 0C. temperature in hot weather Hesty 35.5 0C, cold weather 35.2 0C, the activity of the normal 35.4 0C, jump rope 35.5 0C, gymnastics 35.3 0C and idle 35.6 0C. Temperature in hot weather fitra 36.6 0C, 36.6 0C cold weather, the activity of the normal 37 0C, 37.2 0C jump rope, gymnastics 37.4 0C and 36.9 0C idle. Biyan temperature of 36.4 0C in hot weather, cold weather 36 0C, in normal street activity 35.6 0C, 35.3 0C jump rope, gymnastics 35 0C and 36.1 0C idle. based on the results of the above experiments it is known that the environment also affects the temperature change is evident in the results of measurements of body temperature above. High ambient temperatures will increase body temperature. Humid air will also increase the body temperature causes evaporation of sweat resistance, so the heat is retained in the body.

In addition to the environment, gender also influenced by changes in temperature, this can be seen in the results of measurements of body temperature Biyan with Rindi, can be seen the average Rindi body temperature higher than - average body temperature Biyan. According to metabolic activity, body temperature higher men than women. Body temperature is affected female menstrual cycle. At the time of ovulation, a woman's body temperature in the morning when you wake up 0.3-0.5 ° C.

Human body temperature is a constant that is 36.890 C and the ups and downs ranging from 36.110 to 37.220 C. C Daily difference of approximately one degree, the lowest level in the morning and reached the highest point between the hours of 5 and 7 pm.

The measurement of body temperature silent moment has a different result to when exercising. Difference in results is due to increased activity of the body after exercise followed by changes in metabolic rate. Regulation of body temperature in hot conditions or circumstances after the addition of exercise causes the body surface blood flow and maximum blood flow occurs in the limbs.

This difference is influenced by the temperature of the environment where there is a difference between the ambient temperature in the morning and evening as well as the temperature while doing various activities. From the overall results obtained shows that the activity of the body temperature can be influenced by the body itself and the ambient temperature.

Eksoterm animal body heat is coming from the environment ( heat absorbing environment ). Eksoterm animal's body temperature tends to fluctuate, depending on the ambient temperature. Animals in this group are members of invertebrates, fish, amphibian, and reptile. While endothermic animals body heat is derived from the metabolism. The animal's body temperature is more constant. Endothermic common in the group of birds ( Aves ) and mammals in the regulation of body temperature, the animal must regulate heat received or are lost to the environment. evaporation ektoterm Animals are animals that are very dependent on the temperature in the external environment to raise their body temperature due to the heat generated from the metabolism of the whole system just a bit. Whereas endothermic animals, are animals whose body heat from the heat production in the body, which is a byproduct of the metabolic network. Body temperature is a balance between heat gain from the ( metabolic ) or outside with heat loss. To deal with very bad weather ( too cold or too hot ) animals need to conserve energy by hibernation or animal adaptation exothermic estivasi way to face a very high temperature by increasing the rate of cooling by evaporation through the skin, the moist skinned animals or by sweating for animals that have sweat glands and through the respiratory tract, the animal whose skin is thick and waterproof, and change its metabolic machinery to work at high temperatures. Conversely how animal adaptations ekdoterm at very cold temperatures is to increase the solute into the liquid body to increase the osmotic concentration and add anti-freeze proteins into the liquid body. Some way endothermic animals in anticipation of the influence of cold stress gradient Thermal Reduction ( T1 - T2 ), decrease Konduktansi thermic ( C ), decrease heat through evaporation and increase thermogenesis. In contrast to the hot environment, endothermic animals will decrease and increase thermogenesis thermolysis. Animal respond endothermic in anticipation of the temperature variation in the new environment is to acclimatize and eventually homeoterm Animal groups in the face of environmental temperature changes tend to maintain their body temperature by increasing the adaptation or adjustment to the environment.

The purpose of the last activity that looks at various ways animals maintain body temperature. We watched the video, the elephant and penguin. This is the explanation about each animals:

Thermoregulation in elephant

Elephants maintain their body temperature by way of a mud bath or earlobe flicked into the body.

Thermoregulation in penguins            

Penguins can maintain core body temperature at 38 ° C around the stable. Possessed secret is quite simple penguin is clustered. With mutual crowding the total surface area of the body to lose heat penguins be very much reduced. Penguin has developed a unique social behavior is when they are cold they will be huddled together in groups of several thousand penguins. In addition there is a system of "rotation", so the penguins are on the outermost layer of the crowd will slowly towards the center of the crowd so Penuin-penguin will turn to face the cold wind.

Thermoregulation in fish

       The fish has an internal temperature slightly higher than the temperature of the surrounding water. However , the difference was usually small. Low metabolic rate in fish. Heat transfer between fish tissue and water environment is high. So many fish body heat is lost through conduction. Heat loss occurs almost as soon as the heat generated. Thus, fish have always tried to keep its body temperature within the normal range.
       Increased fish activity produces more heat. However, because fish need plenty of ventilation through the gills, the rate of heat loss also increased. Body temperature of most fish around in general 1oC higher than the water temperature. Active on a number of fish larger size, such as fish marlin, the temperature difference can reach 5 – 6⁰C.
       Therefore, setting the temperature on fish depends entirely on the setting behavior of a select part of the aquatic environment that has a temperature that is acceptable to the fish. When a species of fish caught in the water environment temperature is above the normal temperature range ( warmer) or below ( colder ), the fish will beraklimatisasi in various ways.
       Some species are even able to cope with sudden changes in temperature to a certain extent. For example, there is little Ciprinus fish species that live in the pond in the Arizona desert, USA. During the dry season, the pool is very shallow and very warm water. However , when the rainy season, rain storms can increase the volume of water up to 10-fold and lower the water temperature up to 10 ° C or more within a few minutes. Another interesting point is that during the dry season occurs on the surface of the pond mineral deposition. The coming storm sudden and rapid that cause mineral dissolution occurs rapidly. As a result, the fish that live in the pond also experience sudden changes in environmental salinity and drastic . However , the fish is able to cope with various environmental changes and survive.

Thermoregulation in Amphibi

       Amphibians that live in the water ( aquatic amphibians ) have thermoregulation activity is very similar to the one place on fish. The animal is almost entirely dependent on the selection of parts of the environment to maintain body temperature in order to stay within the

range of temperatures that can tolerate .

Amphibians live on land that regulate body temperature through behavioral adjustment is limited. In some cases, the animal is able to withstand low temperatures ( cold ) in the long term by doing hibernation (hibernation ), which sleep by pressing the physiological processes that take place in the body to a minimum. About the hibernation will be described in more detail on another occasion.

 For a large number of amphibians, efforts to overcome the heat setting high temperature ( heat ) has been extremely effective as the wet skin to allow the evaporation of water ( heat loss through evaporation ). However, the loss of water from the body on the next turn will be an inhibiting factor. Excessive water loss will cause the animal to become dehydrated andmay cause death .

Desert amphibian activity or so-called self- embedding estivasi ( estivation ) - activities similar to hibernation. During the hot days of summer, the amphibian immersed himself in the land and re- emerges from the ground when the temperature of the environment is no longer gripping terlalau .

When the semi - aquatic amphibian thermoregulation able to perform well at high temperatures ( heat ), thermoregulasinya activity at low temperatures ( cold ) is much more difficult. This is related to the fact that the skin is essentially the respiratory surface ( where the exchange of air breathing ). Thus , it can easily happen to lose body heat through the skin at a high temperature environment .

Thermoregulation in Reptilia

       Because the skin is dry, reptilian body loses heat more difficult and also more able to control the loss of body water than amphibians. Better kidney function can also better withstand or reduce the loss of water out of the body. Adaptation behavior of the temperature

fluctuations take place is better than going on amphibians.

Depending on the temperature of the body at any given moment, reptiles will choose a warm or cold environment for a place to spend time. During a cold night in the desert, spending time with the reptiles may be on the rocks or unpaved roads to absorb the remnants of the sun's heat emitted by the solid object. In contrast, during the midday heat, the animal will immerse themselves in the sand or under a material that can withstand the heat of the sun. Thus, the reptile may be lie himself directly in the sun or under the shade so that the surface area of ​​skin so the more or the less exposure to solar radiation .

A large number of reptile thermoregulation able to do little activity and the ability of physiology that indicates the development of homeothermi ability ( the ability to maintain body temperature so constant or nearly constant ) in vertebrate animals ( vertebrates ). The animal has thermoregulation center in the central nervous system that stimulates the activity reflexively gasping or changes in blood pressure. Activity panting ( panting ) can increase the loss of body heat out. Increased blood pressure causes heat more quickly brought to the surface of the body and excreted through the process of radiation ( heat transmission ) and convection ( heat may be a loss carried away by the wind ). Several types of reptiles larger body size has little ability to regulate the rate of metabolism.

H.    Conclusion

From this practicum we get conclusion that:

ü  The rate of the temperature between practical is 35⁰C -37,4⁰C. From the observation, the temperature in variety external condition is different.

ü  Body temperature regulation (thermoregulation), body fluid regulation, and excretion are elements of homeostasis, particularly in Humans. In thermoregulation, exothermic and endothermic known terms are based on the heat source Obtained by the body.

ü  Not all animals are able to maintain a constant body temperature. The animals were able to maintain their body temperature is called homeoterm, while not able maintain body temperature called poikiloterm.

References

Anonim. 1997. Kamus Istilah Kesehatan Hewan dan Peternakan. Penerbit kanisius.                        Yogyakarta

Cambell, Reece. Biologi Jilid 1. Erlangga : Jakarta

Kuncoro, EB. 2008. Akuarium Laut. Penerbit Kanisius. Yogyakarta.

Lesmana, DS. 2006. Budi Daya Ikan Hias Air Tawar Populer. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta

Prahara, W. 2003. Perawatan dan Penangkaran Burung Paruh Bengkok yang Dilindungi. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.

            

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